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The dowel is not designed to see any load under operation. It is used for alignment of the cam and cam sprocket during assembly. During operation, all the torque is transferred from the cam sprocket to the cam through the friction caused by the clamping force of the cam bolt.If that bolt isn't tightened properly, the dowel is the only thing left to transfer all the torque required to drive the cam and it's getting hammered back and forth the whole time.I'd guess the cam sprocket bolt wasn't tightened properly. It might have backed off, but I've never seen that happen.
If the camshaft bolt is too long, you would reach the torque reading on the torque wrench before you had sufficient clamping load.Or a low grade replacement bolt was used and it stretches so you don't get the clamping load.
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